In United States history, a free Negro or free black was the legal status, in the geographic area of the United States, of blacks who were not slaves.
This term was in use before the independence of the Thirteen Colonies and elsewhere in British North America, until the abolition of slavery in the United States in December 1865, which rendered the term unnecessary.
Racial segregation is the systemic separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life. It may apply to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home[1] or of hotel rooms. Segregation is defined by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance as “the act by which a (natural or legal) person separates other persons on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds without an objective and reasonable justification, in conformity with the proposed definition of discrimination. As a result, the voluntary act of separating oneself from other people on the basis of one of the enumerated grounds does not constitute segregation gender According to the UN Forum on Minority Issues, “The creation and development of classes and schools providing education in minority languages should not be considered impermissible segregation, if the assignment to such classes and schools is of a voluntary nature“.
Racial segregation is generally outlawed, but may exist de facto through social norms, even when there is no strong individual preference for it, as suggested by Thomas Schelling‘s models of segregation and subsequent work.[4] Segregation may be maintained by means ranging from discrimination in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence (such as lynchings). Generally, a situation that arises when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race would usually be described as separation or de facto separation of the races rather than segregation. In the United States, segregation was mandated by law in some states and came with anti-miscegenation laws(prohibitions against interracial marriage).[5]Segregation, however, often allowed close contact in hierarchical situations, such as allowing a person of one race to work as a servant for a member of another race. Segregation can involve spatial separation of the races, and mandatory use of different institutions, such as schools .
100 African Americans in history .
- Hank Aaron
- Ira Aldridge
- Muhammad Ali
- Richard Allen
- Marian Anderson
- Maya Angelou
- Arthur Ashe
- Crispus Attucks
- James Baldwin
- Benjamin Banneker
- Amiri Baraka
- Romare Bearden
- Mary McLeod Bethune
- Guion Bluford
- Arna Bontemps
- Edward W. Brooke
- Gwendolyn Brooks
- Blanche K. Bruce
- Ralph Bunche
- George Washington Carver
- Shirley Chisholm
- Kenneth B. Clark
- John Henrik Clarke
- John Coltrane
- Bill Cosby
- Alexander Crummell
- Countee Cullen
- Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.
- Martin R. Delany
- Frederick Douglass
- Charles Drew
- W. E. B. Du Bois
- Paul Laurence Dunbar
- Katherine Dunham
- Duke Ellington
- James Forten
- John Hope Franklin
- Henry Highland Garnet
- Marcus Garvey
- Prince Hall
- Fannie Lou Hamer
- Lorraine Hansberry
- Dorothy Height
- Matthew Henson
- Charles Hamilton Houston
- Langston Hughes
- Zora Neale Hurston
- Jesse Jackson
- Mae Jemison
- Jack Johnson
- James Weldon Johnson
- John H. Johnson
- Percy Julian
- Ernest Just
- Maulana Karenga
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
- Edmonia Lewis
- Alain Locke
- Joe Louis
- Thurgood Marshall
- Benjamin E. Mays
- Elijah McCoy
- Claude McKay
- Oscar Micheaux
- Dorie Miller
- Garrett Morgan
- Toni Morrison
- Elijah Muhammad
- Jesse Owens
- Rosa Parks
- Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
- Colin Powell
- A. Philip Randolph
- Hiram Revels
- Paul Robeson
- Jackie Robinson
- John Russwurm
- Arturo Schomburg
- Benjamin “Pop” Singleton
- Mary Church Terrell
- William Monroe Trotter
- Sojourner Truth
- Harriet Tubman
- Kwame Ture
- Henry McNeal Turner
- Nat Turner
- David Walker
- Madame C. J. Walker
- Booker T. Washington
- Ida B. Wells-Barnett
- Phillis Wheatley
- Walter F. White
- Roy Wilkins
- Daniel Hale Williams
- August Wilson
- Oprah Winfrey
- Tiger Woods
- Carter G. Woodson
- Richard Wright
- ..Malcolm X
“I set goals, take control, drink out my own bottle. I make mistakes but learn from every one. And when it’s said and done, I bet this brother be a better one. If I upset you don’t stress; never forget, that God isn’t finished with me yet.”
“Happy are those who dream dreams and are ready to pay the price to make them come true.
2 PAC & Christopher George Latore Wallace, known professionally as The Notorious B.I.G.